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Imran Roy
There were three reasons for that.
First, China is a large country. I don't mean large, I mean large. Huge. Vast.

這有三個(gè)原因。
首先，中國是一個(gè)大國。我不是說大，我的意思是巨大。非常巨大。廣闊無垠。

Image 1. Map of Asia. As easily visible, China is huge. Almost twice the size of India!

圖片 1. 亞洲地圖。正如很容易看到的，中國是巨大的。幾乎是印度的兩倍大！

The emperors of China had problems maintaining their reign over the border regions, with bandit gangs terrorizing trade caravans for centuries. The problem was so severe that a huge wall was built to safeguard the northern regions and establish a secure trade route to central Asian states.

中國的皇帝在維持對(duì)邊境地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治方面存在問題，數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，盜匪團(tuán)伙一直在恐嚇貿(mào)易商隊(duì)。這個(gè)問題非常嚴(yán)重，以至于修建了一堵巨大的墻（長城）來保護(hù)北部地區(qū)，并建立了一條通往中亞國家的安全貿(mào)易路線。

I am almost certain no Chinese emperor had seen all of the land under his reign. They were perpetually embroiled with troubles and issues inside China to ever want to expand their territory.
There were rogue governors to set right. Highwaymen and bandit gangs to eradicate. Oh and not to forget, conspiracies and schemes within the palace to keep an eye on.

我?guī)缀蹩梢钥隙ǎ瑳]有哪位中國皇帝見過他統(tǒng)治下的所有土地。他們總是深陷中國內(nèi)部的麻煩和問題之中，以至于從未想過要擴(kuò)張領(lǐng)土。
有為非作歹的官員需要糾正。有需要剿滅的強(qiáng)盜和盜匪團(tuán)伙。哦，別忘了，還有宮廷內(nèi)部需要提防的陰謀詭計(jì)。

There's a Punjabi proverb succinctly summarizing the situation: ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???, meaning: the bigger the head, the bigger the headache.

有一句旁遮普諺語簡潔地概括了這種情況：???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???，意思是：頭越大，頭痛越厲害。

Image 2. The bigger the crown, the heavier it weighs down.

圖片 2. 皇冠越大，壓力越重。

Whoever in their right mind would want to accumulate more headache and troubles by merging in more regions to his domain?

哪個(gè)頭腦正常的人會(huì)想要通過將更多地區(qū)并入自己的領(lǐng)地來給自己增加更多的頭痛和麻煩呢？

Secondly, in which direction would the Chinese emperors try to expand?
East: sea. Beyond the sea, Korea. Beyond Korea, Nihon/Japan with fierce warlords and too far away to control.
North: Mongolia. That's where they built the wall, to keep those raiding gangs and bandits out. Mountains and grasslands only. No fertile plains or irrigation networks supporting crops which could be taxed.
West: Afghanistan. Again, barren mountain ranges, fierce warlords, no crops. Also the culture of Afghanistan was and is absolutely in contrast to that of China. There was no way that region could be controlled from within China.
South: Ti..., India. While Ti... was indeed annexed when the emperors enjoyed periods of stability, they wouldn't even think about going further south. Himalaya mountain range is still a formidable barrier to cross for an army, even with modern technology. In the past it was utterly unthinkable.

其次，中國皇帝會(huì)試圖向哪個(gè)方向擴(kuò)張？
東：大海。海那邊是朝鮮。朝鮮再過去是日本，那里有兇悍的軍閥，而且太遠(yuǎn)難以控制。
北：蒙古。他們建長城就是為了把那些劫掠的團(tuán)伙和盜匪擋在外面。那里只有山脈和草原。沒有支持可征稅作物的肥沃平原或灌溉網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
西：阿富汗。同樣是貧瘠的山脈，兇悍的軍閥，沒有莊稼。而且阿富汗的文化過去和現(xiàn)在都與中國截然不同。那個(gè)地區(qū)根本不可能從中國內(nèi)部進(jìn)行控制。
南：*z、印度。雖然在皇帝享有穩(wěn)定時(shí)期確實(shí)吞并了*z，但他們連再往南去想都不會(huì)想。喜馬拉雅山脈對(duì)于軍隊(duì)來說仍然是一個(gè)難以逾越的障礙，即使是現(xiàn)代技術(shù)也如此。在過去，這完全是不可想象的。

Image 3. Where to expand into?

圖片 3. 往哪里擴(kuò)張？

Third and last reason was that China was a fertile and prosperous region with enough produce to tax. It also lay smugly with the silk road and trade routes between India and central Asia. It was easy to tax the trade caravans in exchange if providing safe passage and protection from bandits.

第三個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)原因是，中國是一個(gè)肥沃富饒的地區(qū)，有足夠的產(chǎn)出可以征稅。它還緊鄰絲綢之路以及印度和中亞之間的貿(mào)易路線。如果提供安全通行和保護(hù)免受盜匪侵害，就很容易對(duì)貿(mào)易商隊(duì)征稅。

These are the reasons why Chinese emperors never wanted to expand their territory.
Simply put, there was no initiative. They already had all they wanted (and more) within China.

這些就是中國皇帝從未想過要擴(kuò)張領(lǐng)土的原因。
簡單來說，他們沒有動(dòng)力。他們?cè)趪鴥?nèi)已經(jīng)擁有了他們想要的一切（甚至更多）。

Nathan James
China did fight many regional wars, as has every other nation in human history! This was normal.
However, few nations have ever tried to build a far-ranging empire. There was Rome, and the Ottomans, and Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and Soviet unx.

中國確實(shí)打過許多區(qū)域戰(zhàn)爭，就像人類歷史上的其他所有國家一樣！這是正常的。
然而，很少有國家試圖建立一個(gè)疆域遼闊的帝國。有羅馬、奧斯曼、葡萄牙、西班牙、荷蘭、法國、大英帝國和蘇聯(lián)。

If China was so inclined, it could’ve joined this exclusive club. In the 15th century, China had the largest naval fleet in the world. Led by the legendary Admiral Zheng He, the fleet consisted of over 300 vessels, 62 of which were gargantuan ships that totally eclipsed Christopher Columbus’ ships!

如果中國有這個(gè)意愿，它本可以加入這個(gè)獨(dú)特的俱樂部。15世紀(jì)，中國擁有世界上最大的海軍艦隊(duì)。在傳奇將領(lǐng)鄭和統(tǒng)帥下，這支艦隊(duì)擁有300余艘船只，其中62艘巨艦的規(guī)模令哥倫布的船隊(duì)相形見絀！

Carrying a large contingent of warriors, He could’ve conquered many lands. Instead, he sailed his mighty fleet all the way to the East coast of Africa on diplomatic missions.

帶著大量的士兵，他本可以征服許多土地。然而，他卻率領(lǐng)他的強(qiáng)大艦隊(duì)一直航行到非洲東海岸執(zhí)行外交使命。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.equalizerredsea.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

China has always been insular, preferring to keep to itself. As long as it had regional security, China did not care about the rest of the world.

中國歷來秉持獨(dú)善其身的思想，傾向于專注自身發(fā)展。只要確保區(qū)域安全穩(wěn)定，便對(duì)外部世界事務(wù)持超然態(tài)度。

Kate Alwyn
Many people are used to looking at the ancient times from a modern perspective, which makes it impossible to understand history. East Asia and even Southeast Asia, separated from the West, communication under the ancient traffic conditions is very limited. Therefore, before the beginning of the age of great navigation, East Asia was a relatively independent system, whose biggest feature was the existence of China, a country in an absolute leading position. The state was not only a military force, but also an exporter of culture and goods, and Confucian culture was very influential in the region. As a result, small neighboring countries will join the tributary system of China for their own benefit. In other words, the international order in this region is completely established and maintained by China, and China has almost reached the limit of its domination and expansion in East Asia.

很多人習(xí)慣于用現(xiàn)代視角看待古代，這使得理解歷史變得不可能。東亞甚至東南亞，與西方隔絕，古代交通條件下的交流非常有限。因此，在大航海時(shí)代開始之前，東亞是一個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的體系，其最大特點(diǎn)是存在一個(gè)處于絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位的國家——中國。這個(gè)國家不僅是軍事力量，也是文化和商品的輸出者，儒家文化在該地區(qū)非常有影響力。因此，周邊的小國會(huì)為了自身利益加入中國的朝貢體系。換句話說，該地區(qū)的國際秩序完全由中國建立和維持，中國在東亞的統(tǒng)治和擴(kuò)張幾乎達(dá)到了極限。

If we build an international order centered on ourselves, of course, we should treat others with the dignity and attitude of a big brother, such as peaceful trade, instead of stealing and robbing like a small western country. Economically, China offers high-value added goods in demand that can be marketed to make sufficient profits without having to rely on pirates to grab what they want. So why are they thinking about colonizing the entire planet?

如果我們建立一個(gè)以我們?yōu)橹行牡膰H秩序，當(dāng)然應(yīng)該以大哥的姿態(tài)和尊嚴(yán)對(duì)待他人，比如和平貿(mào)易，而不是像西方小國那樣偷竊和搶劫。經(jīng)濟(jì)上，中國提供需求量大的高附加值商品，可以進(jìn)行市場銷售以獲得足夠的利潤，而無需依靠海盜去搶奪他們想要的東西。那么，他們?yōu)槭裁匆胫趁裾麄€(gè)星球呢？

I think in the history of ethnic and national invasion, expansion and colonial behavior, are mostly based on the material benefits of direct drive, that is, when the obxtive conditions of the original social area already could not satisfy the ethnic group some of the urgent need, constitutes the increasingly acute contradictions, often through invasion expansion can quickly and efficiently resolve this contradiction. However, if there is no similar urgent need within the ethnic group, even if the economic and military strength reaches or even exceeds the conditions for aggression and expansion, the fact of aggression and expansion may not occur.

我認(rèn)為，在民族和國家的入侵、擴(kuò)張和殖民行為史上，大多是基于直接驅(qū)動(dòng)的物質(zhì)利益，也就是說，當(dāng)原有社會(huì)區(qū)域的客觀條件已經(jīng)無法滿足民族某些迫切需求，構(gòu)成日益尖銳的矛盾時(shí)，往往可以通過入侵?jǐn)U張來快速有效地解決這一矛盾。然而，如果民族內(nèi)部沒有類似的迫切需求，即使經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事實(shí)力達(dá)到甚至超過了侵略擴(kuò)張的條件，侵略擴(kuò)張的事實(shí)也可能不會(huì)發(fā)生。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.equalizerredsea.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

For European countries, land was a severely scarce resource, not to mention peasants without land, even the aristocracy could not feed themselves. When the technology of navigation developed, people realized that there was so much land that they could easily occupy it, and of course colonized it like crazy. As we know, a colony is an overseas territory established for profit. Colonies play three major roles: plunder of resources, plunder of labor, and dumping of goods. But before these three goals could be achieved, the colonization needed investment. The newly conquered colonies were largely wasteland. China had vast territory and abundant arable land, so there was no need for colonization at that time. They would not have expended large amounts of troops and manpower to conquer other areas.

對(duì)于歐洲國家來說，土地是極其稀缺的資源，更不用說沒有土地的農(nóng)民了，即使是貴族也無法養(yǎng)活自己。當(dāng)航海技術(shù)發(fā)展起來后，人們意識(shí)到有如此多的土地可以輕易占領(lǐng)，當(dāng)然就瘋狂地殖民了。眾所周知，殖民地是為了盈利而建立的海外領(lǐng)土。殖民地有三個(gè)主要作用：掠奪資源、掠奪勞動(dòng)力和傾銷商品。但這三個(gè)目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)之前，殖民需要投入。新征服的殖民地大部分是荒地。中國當(dāng)時(shí)幅員遼闊，耕地充足，因此沒有殖民的必要。他們不會(huì)花費(fèi)大量的軍隊(duì)和人力去征服其他地區(qū)。

The cultural reason may be the influence of Confucianism. Due to the ideological education China has received, the army must have sufficient justice reasons to wage a war, otherwise it will be humiliated by all the people. Of course, the most important thing is that the Chinese people are not a warlike group. Isn't it comfortable and leisurely for people to plough the fields, drink tea, play the zither and write poems? When the country is peaceful and unified, no prince wants to start a war for no reason except to take back his land. Moreover, the Chinese people are reluctant to leave their hometowns and move to foreign colonies. So in a completely different historical and cultural context from the West, China would not choose to conquer the entire planet even if it had a strong military force.

文化原因可能是儒家思想的影響。由于中國所接受的思想教育，軍隊(duì)必須有充分的正義理由才能發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭，否則會(huì)遭到全國人民的唾棄。當(dāng)然，最重要的是，中國人不是一個(gè)好戰(zhàn)的民族。耕田、喝茶、彈琴、寫詩，這不是件愜意悠閑的事嗎？當(dāng)國家和平統(tǒng)一時(shí)，除了收復(fù)失地之外，沒有哪個(gè)王爺會(huì)無緣無故地發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭。而且，中國人不愿意背井離鄉(xiāng)，搬到海外殖民地。因此，在一個(gè)與西方完全不同的歷史和文化背景下，即使擁有強(qiáng)大的軍事力量，中國也不會(huì)選擇征服整個(gè)星球。

Leon Trotsky
Let's observe the map of China.

讓我們看看中國的地圖。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.equalizerredsea.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Opps, this map is from HOI4, when I play as Kuomintang after the Ver0.18 Kaiserreich released yesterday. And I’ll spank the Japs after the unification.

哎呀，這張地圖來自《鋼鐵雄心4》——昨天0.18版《凱撒瑞克》模組更新后，我正用國民黨陣營開局。等完成統(tǒng)一，定要痛揍小日本。

China, even by now, always have the most population in the world, with the majority are the Han Chinese that lived in the China proper(the area south to the Great Wall). If we read the history, we can realize that the defined Chinese dynasty are the ones that occupied the China proper(sometime not all) and ruled the Han Chinese while Han Chinese support this regime. Of course, the northeast, northwest and southwest part also belong to the China, and Ti...an Chinese, Mongolian Chinese, etc are all Chinese, but compared with Han, they are in a small scale.

即使到了現(xiàn)在，中國也一直擁有世界上最多的人口，其中大部分是居住在中國本土（長城以南地區(qū)）的漢族人。如果我們回顧歷史，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，被定義為中國王朝的，是那些占據(jù)了中國本土（有時(shí)并非全部）并統(tǒng)治漢族人，同時(shí)得到漢族人支持的政權(quán)。當(dāng)然，東北、西北和西南地區(qū)也屬于中國，藏族中國人、蒙古族中國人等等都是中國人，但與漢族相比，他們的規(guī)模較小。

So now, assume you are the emperor of a Chinese dynasty, the majesty of the the nation, the great leader of your Heaven Army, and you want to launch some campaign against others, what do you want from the invasion and who will be the target?

那么現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)你是一個(gè)中國王朝的皇帝，國家的威嚴(yán)象征，你的天兵天將的偉大領(lǐng)袖，你想對(duì)外發(fā)動(dòng)一些戰(zhàn)役，你希望從入侵中獲得什么，目標(biāo)是誰？

Land, population and treasures are what you want, and target you should choose.

土地、人口和財(cái)富是你想要的，也是你應(yīng)該選擇的目標(biāo)。

South——South China sea and Viet
You can get fish from the sea and waves that may eat you.. Not a great choice. Viet is a great target and used to be under control, but the forests except the Hounoi delta are not worthy to conquer.

南方——南海和越南
你可以從海中獲取魚獲，但也可能遭遇吞噬你的驚濤駭浪...這并非明智之選。越南曾是被控制的絕佳目標(biāo)，但除了紅河三角洲外，那些叢林地帶根本不值得征服。

Maciej Kania
The most important thing to realize is that real countries, unlike ones in computer games, do not have their own interests and agendas. Only people have some, including rulers.

最重要的是要明白：真實(shí)的國家與電子游戲中的不同，它們本身并沒有自身的利益和議程。真正擁有這些的只有人——包括統(tǒng)治者。

In the time China was the world's most advanced civilization, it was also very isolationist. The reason for this was it was one big empire, and like every big empire it was torn by internal strifes. All Chinese governments were focused on internal stability. The Chinese emperors have no interest in expanding China overseas, because this won't give them more power, but could only weaken their authority, as colony “managers" would be powerful, rich and virtually untouchable people, potential rivals in the power struggle.

在中國作為世界最先進(jìn)文明的時(shí)期，其對(duì)外政策卻極為封閉。究其根源，這個(gè)龐大帝國如同所有大帝國一樣，始終深陷內(nèi)部紛爭的泥沼。歷代中國政權(quán)都將維持內(nèi)部穩(wěn)定作為首要之務(wù)。中國君主們對(duì)海外擴(kuò)張毫無興趣，因?yàn)檫@種擴(kuò)張不僅不能鞏固皇權(quán)，反而可能削弱中央權(quán)威——那些遠(yuǎn)在殖民地的"管理者"將逐漸成為手握重金、權(quán)勢(shì)熏天且難以制約的群體，最終蛻變?yōu)闄?quán)力角逐中的潛在威脅。

No European monarch after fall of Rome was able to create pan-European empire, even if some tried this. Europe was a bunch of Independent kingdoms competing and warring with each other constantly. This means acquiring some wealth from overseas would give one monarch an advantage against competitors, and it was worth the risk of reducing own authority towards powerful and wealthy subjects.

自羅馬帝國衰落后，歐洲再未有任何君主能重建泛歐帝國，盡管不乏嘗試者。這片大陸始終是眾多獨(dú)立王國相互征伐的競技場。正因如此，從海外攫取財(cái)富能為君主贏得對(duì)抗競爭對(duì)手的優(yōu)勢(shì)，即便這意味著要承受削弱中央權(quán)威的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——畢竟面對(duì)那些因殖民活動(dòng)而日益強(qiáng)大的臣屬階層，這種冒險(xiǎn)仍是值得的。

West_——Plateau and desert

西方——高原和沙漠

Emm, why I order my people to drink the wind and eat the sand?

嗯，我為什么要讓我的子民喝風(fēng)吃沙？

North——Steppe

北方——草原

Steppe is beautiful? right? But only in Summer, the storm and snow will eliminate everything, and you also have to be aware of the Barbarians.(You are richer than them, and you will be the target)\\\\\\\\

草原很美？對(duì)吧？但只在夏天如此，風(fēng)暴和雪會(huì)吞噬一切，而且你還得提防野蠻人。（因?yàn)槟惚人麄兏挥?，你?huì)成為別人的目標(biāo)）

4.East—- Korea and Japan

東方——朝鮮和日本

Korea and Japan are rich, from the prospect in 21st century. But in ancient times… I can just say Korea had already been a puppet of China and Japan wanted to become a puppet of China(Toyotomi Hideyoshi gives an upvote). While in China’s view, it’s better to let them to remain independent for the cost will surpass the earning if the war launched.

從21世紀(jì)的視角看，朝鮮與日本確屬富庶之地。但回溯古代...朝鮮早就是中原王朝的附庸，而日本甚至曾主動(dòng)尋求成為附庸（豐臣秀吉默默點(diǎn)贊）。但在中國統(tǒng)治者眼中，與其勞師遠(yuǎn)征得不償失，不如任其保持獨(dú)立——畢竟戰(zhàn)爭成本必將遠(yuǎn)超收益。

Some may say, the southeast Asia and America are also great choices, why these areas were also lost to the Europeans?
During Ming dynasty, a great scale of Chinese people had already lived here, but this area was conquered by the European first. And America, the Pacific ocean is not peaceful…
This is just one reason I know. If there remains more, I’ll be glad to discuss~

有些人可能會(huì)說，東南亞和美洲也是很好的選擇，為什么這些地區(qū)也落入了歐洲人手中？
明朝時(shí)期，已經(jīng)有大量的中國人居住在這里，但這個(gè)地區(qū)首先被歐洲人征服了。至于美洲，太平洋并不平靜……
這只是我知道的一個(gè)原因。如果還有更多原因，我很樂意討論~

QA回答：古代中國人的軍隊(duì)比歐洲人多得多，為什么他們不像歐洲人那樣試圖征服和奴役地球呢？

QA回答：古代中國人的軍隊(duì)比歐洲人多得多，為什么他們不像歐洲人那樣試圖征服和奴役地球呢？